• Citrus thrips

  under the calyx of a fruit due to their thigmotactic behaviour. Damage around the calyx appears as silver white blemished areas when fruit is small, which may [...] of fruit can occur up to 13 weeks after petal fall, after which the damage appears as scribbling and finally as stippling or russet in mature fruit. Young [...] important pest, it is unlikely to be on the fruit at harvest, so it’s not considered a quarantine risk on fresh fruit exports. We would like to acknowledge the

• Cottony soft rot

  They can easily be seen with the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection [...] or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place [...] The sclerotia germinate directly and form mycelium or produce apothecia (fruiting bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects the stem base and the

• Tobacco thrips

  leading to reduced yields. Scarring on fruit Thrips parvispinus can also inflict significant damage on fruit. The feeding activity of the thrips often [...] often leaves scars and blemishes on the fruit surface, which reduces the fruit's quality and marketability. Additionally, these scars can serve as entry points [...] transparent white or yellowish to orange-yellow, with a large head and bright red eyes. Adult females are brown, with the head and thorax lighter in color than

• Tomato pinworm

  especially eggplant and potato. It is frequently confused with similar species that might be present, with which it shares similar habits. Due to the initial [...] is caused to the crop when older larvae penetrate fruits by burrowing under the calyx into the fruit. The name tomato pinworm in derived from the very [...] larvae have a yellowish-grayish body, changing to gray with purple spots or completely purple, with a dark brown head. In total, the larva goes through four

• Blackcurrant aphid

  honeydew on which black sooty mould fungi grow. Leaves and fruit quickly turn black and fruit can become unmarketable. Life cycle and appearance of Blackcurrant [...] cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with unfertilized [...] generations of females. Aphids moult four times before reaching adulthood. With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. Wingless

• Mushroom

  spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies [...] several species of macrofungi (fungi which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be observed with the naked eye). They can appear either below

• Avocado

  South Central Mexico. Its nick name points to its fruit which is botanically speaking a large berry with only one seed. The berry is green-skinned and fleshy [...] of Lauraceae . Commercially speaking, avocados are very valuable and the fruit is produced in tropical and Mediterranean regions. Avocados ripen only after

• Cabbage leafroller

  The body is drab brown with lateral stripes that are sometimes light in colour. The ventral surface is lighter than the dorsal, with hairs located in warty [...] caused problems in sweet pepper since the mid 1980’s. In protected soft fruit cultivation, plants such as strawberry, currant, blackberry and raspberry [...] leaves together such that subsequent growth leads to an untidy roll of leaves with large feeding holes. Caterpillars can also bore into the plant: young ca

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions with fruiting bodies occur more commonly at temperatures of approximately 20 °C whereas [...] cucurbits. Damage symptoms Phomopsis sclerotioides causes grey-black spots with a dark demarcation line on cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken [...] the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may kill the plants

• Leaf spot of strawberry

  necrotic spots which can develop into dark lesions with black dots. The fungus seems also able to cause fruit rot. Life cycle and appearance of Leaf spot of [...] longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so the taxonomy