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Parasitic wasps are a powerful tool in integrated pest management (IPM), offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. To maximize their effectiveness, it’s essential to deploy them correctly, considering factors such as crop type, pest life cycles or environmental conditions.
Best practices for deploying parasitic wasps
Parasitic wasps are most effective when introduced strategically based on the crop and pest dynamics. Here’s how to optimize their deployment:
Select the right species
Different wasps target specific pests. For example, Aphelinus abdominalis (Aphilin), Aphidius colemani (Aphipar), Aphidius matricariae (Aphipar-M), Aphidius ervi (Ervipar) and Praon volucre, Ephedrus cerasicola (Aphiscout) are particularly effective in controlling aphid populations. While Encarsia formosa (En-Strip) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Ercal, Enermix) are parasitic wasps known for their efficacy in controlling whitefly populations.
Timing the release
Wasps should be released early in the pest cycle, ideally when pest populations are low to prevent outbreaks.
Release frequency
Regular releases, rather than one-time introductions, ensure continuous control. Weekly or biweekly releases may be necessary for some species in high-pressure environments.
Application method
Distribute wasps evenly throughout the affected area, using hanging cards, diboxesor direct release onto plants for effective coverage.
Environmental conditions that affect parasitic wasp activity
Parasitic wasps thrive under specific environmental conditions. The following factors should be considered to enhance their survival and efficiency:
Temperature
Most species are active within a moderate temperature range. Extreme heat or cold can reduce their efficiency.
Humidity levels
Moderate humidity supports optimal performance. In dry conditions, maintaining adequate moisture can help sustain their activity.
Wind exposure
Strong winds may disperse wasps before they establish. Using windbreaks in outdoor areas can improve retention.
Light availability
Wasps are generally more active during daylight. Providing sufficient natural or artificial light in controlled environments can enhance their effectiveness.
Supporting parasitic wasps with favorable habitat conditions
Creating an environment that sustains parasitic wasps beyond initial releases is key to long-term pest control. Here’s how to support their populations:
- Provide nectar sources: Adult wasps need nectar for energy. Planting flowering species like alyssum, buckwheat, or marigolds near crops can sustain them.
- Minimize pesticide use: Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides that harm beneficial insects. If necessary, use selective pesticides with minimal impact on wasps.
- Use banker plants: These serve as reservoirs for alternative prey, allowing wasps to maintain populations even when primary pests are scarce.
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